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Description: Review the theory and mechanisms of staining, dye classification and tissue demonstration methods and improve your skills and the quality of prepared material.

Start date: Upon registration

Completion: Up to 52 weeks

Prior to attempting this course, the learner will have:

• Understanding of introductory microanatomy terminology
• Ability to recognize microanatomical components of tissue smears and sections

Learning Outcomes:

• Define the term resonance system in relation to dye chemistry
• Define the following terms in relation to dye structure and classification:

1. Chromophore (quinoid ring, azo coupling, nitro grouping)
2. Chromogen
3. Auxochrome (hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, sulphonic)

• Relate acid, basic and neutral dyes to their staining properties
• Discuss physical theories of staining: selective solubility, adsorption, porosity
• Describe chemical theories of staining: salt linkage, hydrogen bonding, metachromasia, leukostaining, metallic impregnation, histochemical reactions
• Describe proper storage of dyes
• Define colour index number
• Differentiate between progressive and regressive staining and state advantages and disadvantages of each
• Classify dyes according to origin and give examples of each
• Describe and define accelerators and accentuators.
• State principle and application of argyrophil and argentaffin / modified argentaffin reactions
• Name three chromophoric groups found in many commonly used stains and show the basic chemical structure and name at least one dye that contains the group
• Define:

1. Basophilic tissue
2. Acidophilic tissue

• Define the specificity of the following staining mechanisms:

1. Mordant
2. Lake
3. Accentuator
4. Accelerator
5. Metachromasia
6. Leuco compound (also spelled leuko compound)
7. Chromotrope
8. Orthochromasia

Author: Masaye Tanaka, ART, BSc, MEd

Version Date: January 2022

PEP hours: 12.5

CPS credits: 0

*Note: PEP hours and/or CPS credits will only be awarded upon successful completion of Final Exam.